Work stress and anxiety in health workers in the intensive care area

Introduction: The working conditions of workers in the intensive care area of the hospital in Riobamba during the COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced the presence of work stress and anxiety.Objective: To determine the relationship between work stress and anxiety in health workers in the intensive care area of the Riobamba Hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: Basic, non-experimental, cross-sectional and descriptive research with a universe of 45 workers. The third version of the Occupational Stress questionnaire designed by Villalobos in 2016 was used to identify the presence of occupational stress and the Hamilton scale to identify the presence and levels of anxiety. Pearson's non -parametric correlation test was used to determine the correlation between job stress and anxiety. The odds ratio test was used to identify the risk of anxiety secondary to the presence and intensity of work stress.Results: Prevalence of workers exposed to work stress (75.56%) and with anxiety (57.78%). The average level of work stress (41.18%) and low level of anxiety (50.0%) were the most representative in each case.Conclusion: A high percentage of workers in the intensive care area of the General Hospital in Riobamba with work stress and anxiety was identified. A strong positive correlation was identified between work stress and anxiety. The odds ratio test showed that the percentage of having anxiety triples if there is work stress.

Work stress and anxiety in health workers in the intensive care area

Introduction: The working conditions of workers in the intensive care area of the hospital in Riobamba during the COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced the presence of work stress and anxiety.Objective: To determine the relationship between work stress and anxiety in health workers in the intensive care area of the Riobamba Hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: Basic, non-experimental, cross-sectional and descriptive research with a universe of 45 workers. The third version of the Occupational Stress questionnaire designed by Villalobos in 2016 was used to identify the presence of occupational stress and the Hamilton scale to identify the presence and levels of anxiety. Pearson's non -parametric correlation test was used to determine the correlation between job stress and anxiety. The odds ratio test was used to identify the risk of anxiety secondary to the presence and intensity of work stress.Results: Prevalence of workers exposed to work stress (75.56%) and with anxiety (57.78%). The average level of work stress (41.18%) and low level of anxiety (50.0%) were the most representative in each case.Conclusion: A high percentage of workers in the intensive care area of the General Hospital in Riobamba with work stress and anxiety was identified. A strong positive correlation was identified between work stress and anxiety. The odds ratio test showed that the percentage of having anxiety triples if there is work stress.

Analysis of psychosocial risk factors and work stress in doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objective: To determine the magnitude to which risk factors predict work stress in physicians who worked in four hospitals in the cities of Quito, Ambato, Tulcan and Riobamba during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational study. To a stratified sample of 203 doctors, the questionnaire of psychosocial risk factors of the Ministry of Labor of Ecuador (2018) and the Villalobos Stress Questionnaire (2010) were applied. Through the multiple correlation coefficient, the dimensions of the psychosocial factors that best explain the physiological, social, intellectual and emotional symptoms of stress were identified. Results: The ability to participate in decisions, the mental demands derived from the workload, and the lack of recovery were the factors of greatest exposure with 63%, 58% and 54% respectively. In reference to the dimensions of work stress that most affected the participants, physiological and social behavioral symptoms were present in 86% and 74%, respectively. Three of the 8 dimensions of psychosocial factors were able to explain the presence of work stress: work-related violence predicted 37%, workload predicted 41% and leadership described 43%. Conclusions: the emotional tension experienced during the last 3 months of the health emergency was due to the lack of leadership and labor management by the bosses, the increased workload and the psychological violence and moobbing perceived by the study population.

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE COMPANY “MAFESA S.A.” AM-BATO-ECUADOR BRANCH OFFICE

Due to the covid-19 pandemic, the economy of companies worldwide has declined, making it a challenge to continue with activities, with the option of closing activities due to fear of contagion. In turn, companies that work with technology chose to use direct distribution channels such as Customer Relationship Management, which allowed them to stay within the market, showing a slight increase in their sales during 2020 and 2021. The objective is focused on analyze the economic impact of COVID-19 on the company “MAFESA S.A. The method of analysis has been used, taking the company MAFESA S.A. as a reference, where we will apply the documentary review techniques, which allows us to analyze the economic effect suffered by the company. It is concluded that sales have been affected during the health crisis, although strategies motivated by public policies allowed these losses to not be significant for the company MAFESA S.A. © 2022, University of Cienfuegos, Carlos Rafael Rodriguez. All rights reserved.

The COVID-19 pandemic and psychosocial risk factors in intensive care personnel

Objective: The objective was to determine the influence that the COVID-19 pandemic had on the exposure of psychosocial risk factors in the intensive care unit of a health center, through the comparison of two measurements, before and during the pandemic. Methods: To a population constituted by 67 workers, the questionnaire of psychosocial risk factors of the Ministry of Labor of Ecuador (2018) was applied in December 2019 and January 2021. The data were analyzed with the Wilcoxon test to test statistically significant differences. Results: in the second measurement, the average level of exposure to factors increased by 43.6%, with lack of skills development being the dimension with the highest increase (55.3%), followed by other important points (which measures violence and discrimination) with 52.3%, and work organization with 47.7%. Compared to the first measurement, there were twenty-nine more people who perceived unfavorably the conditions and organization of their work in the context of the pandemic. On the other hand, significant differences were recorded H all dimensions in relation to their means, with a significance of 0,05 through the nonparametric Wilcoxon test. Conclusions: As main conclusions, the stress, tension and anguish aroused because of the health emergency in intensive care personnel, has intensified the probability of Illness due to the absence of training processes, increased violence/discrimination and improvisation in the organization of work.

SELF-PERCEPTION OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN TEACHERS OF THE SUCRE HIGHER TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

Introduction: University teaching exposes considerably to occupational stress. Objective: We determined the self-perception of health in teachers of a Higher Technological Institute of Quito, Ecuador, during COVID-19. Material and Methods: This was a mixed, non-experimental, crosssectional, descriptive study carried out with 106 teachers. The Goldberg GHQ-30 questionnaire was applied, associating variables with Chi-square, Crammer’s V and odds ratios. Results: 23.6% of teachers presented psychosomatic symptoms evidencing lack of energy, perception of illness, headaches and generalized fatigue. Gender and career had significant relationships with mental health disturbances. Three careers confirmed significant relationships with psychosomatic symptoms. Conclusions: Greater mental health impairment was demonstrated in psychosomatic symptomatology. The problems in anxiety and insomnia were rooted in the threat of losing their job and the impossibility of supporting their family in COVID-19.

Work stress in prehospital care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has generated changes in the working conditions of health workers, being considered a possible trigger of work stress. Objective: To analyze the degree of exposure to work stress presented by pre-hospital care workers in zone 3 of the Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A basic, non-experimental, cross-sectional and descriptive research was carried out where the universe consisted of a total of 35 workers. The third version of the Occupational Stress questionnaire designed by Villalobos in 2016 was used. Results: Prevalence of workers exposed to work stress (88.57 %) with predominance of medium stress (48.39 %). Pain in the neck, back or muscle tension was always or almost always reported by 88.57 % of the workers. Feelings of work overload were always or almost always present in 80.00 % of the workers. 37.14 % reported problems always or almost always with their family relationships. 62.86 % of the workers reported that they consume alcoholic beverages, coffee or cigarettes always or almost always to control stress manifestations. Conclusion: A high percentage of workers with a medium level of stress was identified. Pains in the neck and back;difficulties in family relationships;Feelings of work overload, difficulties concentrating and the consumption of alcoholic beverages, coffee or cigarettes were the symptoms that were most frequently identified in the areas investigated.

THE BLACK SWAN OF COVID-19 AND THE FIGURE OF THE CONTROLLER IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

The COVID-19 significantly transforms universal life, particularly in the business environment, forcing systematic transformations to face uncertainties and the competitive environment. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the profile of the Controller in business management. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, observational and cross-sectional perceptual research was carried out. The documentary review technique was used, and the Category Matrix was designed as a data collection instrument. Results: It was evidenced that COVID-19 causes the labor market to go through a difficult moment, characterized by uncertainty and deep business transformations, in which the Controller is the most relevant figure. It was found that the Controller's tasks include the analysis and interpretation of financial statements;analytical breakdowns of information;budget design;systematic reporting to management;coordination of internal audits;with a leading role in strategy and the Balanced Scorecard. A profile for this position was evidenced characterized by: male between 30 and 50 years old, mainly within the industrial sector, who dedicates most of his time to the organization's operations, data extraction and analysis, with analytical and visionary capacity, together with general knowledge of the organization. Conclusions: It was concluded that the Controller with his proactivity links his protagonism as a strategist with business operational management, being a key professional in management control, fundamentally in periods of crisis such as the one caused by the COVID-19 black swan.

RELATION OF THE COVID-19 COUNTRY RISK INDEX TO THE ACTUAL IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC

COVID-19 spread rapidly and put all nations at risk. The objective of the study was to demonstrate whether there is a relationship between INFORM's COVID-19 Risk Index by country and the actual impact of the pandemic. It was a relational, analytical, observational, cross-sectional, and retrospective study, developed in 184 countries. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to test the hypothesis related to the proposed objective. The highest risk was concentrated in Africa and the countries with more deaths per million inhabitants were European. It was concluded that there is a correlation between the INFORM COVID-19 Risk Index by country and COVID-19 deaths per million inhabitants, with a negative value (-0.540).

Psychosocial factors related to burnout syndrome in assisting physicians of the Hospital IESS Latacunga

Medical personnel are exposed to psychosocial risk factors that increase with the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the study was to identify the relationship between psychosocial factors and Burnout syndrome in medical assistants at the IESS Latacunga hospital, Ecuador, during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This was a cross-sectional, prospective, observational and analytical study at the relational level, studying 40 medical assistants who attended patients with COVID-19. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) questionnaire and the Psychosocial Factors in Academic Work FPSIS questionnaire were applied. Burnout was found in 82.5% of the doctors, associated with emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation. There was evidence of exposure to psychosocial risk factors in the medium to high range in 96.42%, associated with burnout in workload, work demands and social interaction. It was found that physicians with burnout were exposed to long working hours, hospital confinement, and patient care demands. It is concluded that during the COVID-19 pandemic, almost all the doctors at the IESS Latacunga hospital were affected by Burnout syndrome, being more frequent in doctors in critical areas.

IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON TOURISM IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

The objective of the study was to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism in Latin America and the Caribbean. An observational, descriptive, retrospective, retrospective and cross-sectional research was deployed. The study relied primarily on the Covid19Tourism Index to analyze the depression of tourism activity in Latin America and the Caribbean, focusing on the degree of recovery with respect to the "normal time" without COVID-19. The results showed that the least affected countries were Mexico and the Dominican Republic, while Argentina and Peru were the most affected in relation to the overall drop-in tourism activity. Peru, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, and Mexico were the most affected in terms of the number of COVID-19 deaths per million inhabitants. The loss of passenger revenues in Latin American and Caribbean countries between January and September 2020, amounting to 21 billion USD, was evidenced, forecasting a reduction in international passenger traffic capacity of between 60% and 63% by the year 2020. In conclusion, a significant drop in tourism in Latin American and Caribbean countries was evidenced, mainly due to COVID-19, which has a significant economic impact on this region, with results very similar to those of other regions of the world.

IMPACT OF COVID- 19 IN THE ECUADORIAN ECONOMY

COVID-19 is the most recently discovered infectious disease caused by the coronavirus, defined as a pandemic and negatively impacting the world economy. The objective of this study was to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Ecuadorian economy. The study is based on the reviewed literature, issued mainly by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Central Bank of Ecuador (BCE). A descriptive type of research was developed, framed at the perceptual level. The impact of COVID-19 on the Ecuadorian economy was described, showing, among other aspects, a decrease in its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and an increase in its Country Risk. The authors prepared a SWOT matrix to guide the actions to be taken, in the business and governmental context, to face the Ecuadorian economic situation in the short and medium term, with a view to developing a strategy aimed at mitigating the repercussions of COVID-19.